| Cameroon: Integrity Scorecard Report > Sub-Category: Media | ||
| Indicators | Score | |
| 5 | Are media and free speech protected? | 100 |
| 6 | Are citizens able to form print media entities? | 88 |
| 7 | Are citizens able to form broadcast (radio and TV) media entities? | 38 |
| 8 | Can citizens freely use the Internet? | 75 |
| 9 | Are the media able to report on corruption? | 33 |
| 10 | Are the media credible sources of information? | 65 |
| 11 | Are journalists safe when investigating corruption? | 100 |
Indicator and sub-Indicator Details
| 5 | Are media and free speech protected? | |||||||
| 5a: In law, freedom of the media is guaranteed. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Preamble of the Constitution of January 18, 1996 - Article 1 of Law N° 90/052 of December 19, 1990 on Social Communication
Peer Review Comments: The guarantee comes with strings attached.
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| 5b: In law, freedom of speech is guaranteed. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Preamble of the Constitution of January 18, 1996 (www.prc.cm)
Peer Review Comments: Il est important de rappeler que la loi de 1990 et le code pénal prévoient des peines de prison pour délits de presse, et que les journaux peuvent être retirés des kiosques à la demande des autorités administratives, si elles estiment qu'ils portent atteinte aux "bonnes moeurs" ou à "l'ordre public". La liberté d'expression est donc surveillée. (See Norbert N. Ouendji, Médias et pouvoir politique au Cameroun - Les journalistes face à la santé présidentielle, Les Belles Pages, Marseille, 2006).
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| 6 | Are citizens able to form print media entities? | |||||||
| 6a: In practice, the government does not create barriers to form a print media entity. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Alliance Nyobia, "Pourquoi "Radio Veritas" a été autorisée,' in Cameroon Tribune, 15 December 2003 (www.cameroon-tribune.net). - Norbert N. Ouendji, "Médias et pouvoir politique au Cameroun - Les journalistes face à la santé présidentielle", Editions Les Belles Pages, Marseille, 2006.
Peer Review Comments: According to the new laws, print media entities are the easiest to create in Cameroon. Unlike the broadcast media, where obtaining a license is a windy process with a long administrative procedure accompanied by payments of up to 100 million FCFA for a TV license for instance, it suffices in the case of the newspaper to deposit a file at the divisional office and start publishing, if there is no response within the a period of three months.
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| 6b: In law, where a print media license is necessary, there is an appeal mechanism if a license is denied or revoked. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: in accordance with Article 3 of Law N°90/052 of December 19, 1990 on Freedom of Social Communication
Peer Review Comments: It has taken more than 17 years (since 1990) to give the first few licenses.
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| 6c: In practice, where necessary, citizens can obtain a print media license within a reasonable time period. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Norbert N. Ouendji, "Médias et pouvoir politique au Cameroun - Les journalistes face à la santé présidentielle", Editions Les Belles Pages, Marseille, 2006. - Albert Mbida, "Le contrôle administratif sur linformation au Cameroun (Radio-Télévision-Presse écrite-Cinéma)", Paris, 1980. - Sy Koumbo Singa Galy, Modeste Mutinga, "Communiqué de presse : Opération 100.000 signatures pour freedom fm", mai 2004 in Media Cameroun ([ LINK ]).
Peer Review Comments: Généralement, l'autorité préfectorale compétente donne un récépissé de déclaration d'un organe de presse dans des délais raisonnables. C'est plutôt dans le domaine de l'audiovisuel que les licences d'exploitation sont difficiles à obtenir, à cause des contraintes politiques. Seule quatre structures de radio et télévision ont reçu en août 2007, eur licence, alors que le Cameroun compte plusieurs dizaines de stations depuis 2000. Freedom FM, la radio du Groupe Le Messager appartenant à Pius N. Njawé, a été simplement interdite depuis mai 2003.
Peer Review Comments: The law of 1990 on Freedom of Social Communication is so free that a newspaper publisher who deposits his or her completed file and does not get an answer within a matter of a few weeks is not even required to go back to get the license, but is simply allowed to go ahead and publish.
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| 6d: In practice, where necessary, citizens can obtain a print media license at a reasonable cost. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Norbert N. Ouendji, "Médias et pouvoir politique au Cameroun - Les journalistes face à la santé présidentielle", Editions Les Belles Pages, Marseille, 2006. - Albert Mbida, "Le contrôle administratif sur linformation au Cameroun (Radio-Télévision-Presse écrite-Cinéma)", Paris, 1980. - Sy Koumbo Singa Galy, Modeste Mutinga, "Communiqué de presse : Opération 100.000 signatures pour freedom fm", May 2004 in Media Cameroun ([ LINK ]). - Alliance Nyobia, "Pourquoi Radio Véritas a été autorisée", In Cameroon Tribune, 15 December 2003 (www.cameroon-tribune.net).
Peer Review Comments: Au Cameroun, aucun frais n'est exigé pour la création d'un journal. Il n'y a que la demande au préfet territorialement compétent et l'extrait de casier judiciaire qui ont en réalité un coût, notamment les timbres de 1000 FCFA (environ 2 dollars US) pour chaque de ces documents. Les autorités ne se soucient même pas de savoir si les promoteurs detiennent un budget pour le lancement. C'est ainsi que beaucoup de journaux existent, mais ne fonctionnent pas ou sont absents des kiosques. Les médias audiovisuels nécessitent des investissements plus lourds.
Peer Review Comments: The cost to file for starting a newspaper in Cameroon is extremely affordable. Some even argue that the very lax conditions are responsible for the situation whereby journalists can afford to register a newspaper title just to use it once for a particular 'operation', generally of a dubious type, and move on to another title in future when the need arises.
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| 7 | Are citizens able to form broadcast (radio and TV) media entities? | |||||||
| 7a: In practice, the government does not create barriers to form a broadcast (radio and TV) media entity. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Norbert N. Ouendji, "Médias et pouvoir politique au Cameroun - Les journalistes face à la santé présidentielle", Editions Les Belles Pages, Marseille, 2006. - Albert Mbida, "Le contrôle administratif sur linformation au Cameroun (Radio-Télévision-Presse écrite-Cinéma)," Paris, 1980. - Sy Koumbo Singa Galy, Modeste Mutinga, "Communiqué de presse: Opération 100.000 signatures pour freedom fm", May 2004 in Media Cameroun ([ LINK ]). - Alliance Nyobia, "Pourquoi Radio Véritas a été autorisée", In Cameroon Tribune, 15 December 2003 (www.cameroon-tribune.net). - Michel Tjade Eoné, Radios: publics et pouvoirs au Cameroun: utilisations officielles et besoins sociaux, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1986.
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| 7b: In law, where a broadcast (radio and TV) media license is necessary, there is an appeal mechanism if a license is denied or revoked. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: In accordance with Article 4 (3) of the Decree N°91/287 of June 21, 1991, concerning the organization and operation of the National Council of Communication
Peer Review Comments: Il faut indiquer que, dans les faits, le Conseil national de la communication joue un rôle plutôt symbolique, voire politique. Les autorités ont la main mise sur la régulation. Par ailleurs, l'expérience montre que certains préfèrent saisir les tribunaux ou les instances internationales pour régler les cas de conflits. Après avoir été frustré par les tribunaux de Douala, Pius N. Njawé avait par exemple fait recours à la Commission africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples lorsque le ministère de la Communication lui avait refusé une autorisation pour sa radio Freedom FM.
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| 7c: In practice, where necessary, citizens can obtain a broadcast (radio and TV) media license within a reasonable time period. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Sy Koumbo Singa Galy, Modeste Mutinga, "Communiqué de presse : Opération 100.000 signatures pour freedom fm", May 2004 in Media Cameroun ([ LINK ]) - Alliance Nyobia, "Pourquoi Radio Véritas a été autorisée", In Cameroon Tribune, 15 December 2003 (www.cameroon-tribune.net). - Jean-Dominique Geslin, "Cameroun: Bagarre des ondes", in Jeune-Afrique.com, 21 December 2003 ([ LINK ]).
Peer Review Comments: Le decret d'application de la loi de 1990 sur la liberté de communication sociale (libéralisation de l'audiovisuel) n'a été publié que le 3 avril 2000. Mais depuis lors, des radios et télévisions privées, bien que présentes, évoluent dans une athmosphère précaire, en l'absence des licences. Seules quatres d'entre elles ont reçu leur licence en août 2007, parmi lesquelles Canal 2 international, créée en 2002.
Peer Review Comments: It has taken more than 17 years (since 1990) to give the first few licenses.
Peer Review Comments: In a country where private TV began more than seven years ago, the first licenses where only issued in the second half of 2007. STV, for instance, obtained its license barely a few weeks from the celebration of its third anniversary in October 2007. The first series (and only licenses to be granted so far) was in the second half of 2007. Some TV and radio stations have actually waited for more than five years to see this finally happen.
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| 7d: In practice, where necessary, citizens can obtain a broadcast (radio and TV) media license at a reasonable cost. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: Sy Koumbo Singa Galy, Modeste Mutinga, "Communiqué de presse: Opération 100.000 signatures pour freedom fm", May 2004 in Media Cameroun ([ LINK ]). - Alliance Nyobia, "Pourquoi Radio Véritas a été autorisée", In Cameroon Tribune, 15 December 2003 (www.cameroon-tribune.net). - Jean-Dominique Geslin, "Cameroun : Bagarre des ondes", in Jeune-Afrique.com, 21 December 2003 ([ LINK ])
Peer Review Comments: Les coûts sont très elevés. En plus, les promoteurs doivent préciser leurs sources de financement, ce qui peut apparaître comme un moyen de contrôle.
Peer Review Comments: It is too expensive. US$100,000 are required to open a TV station.
Peer Review Comments: Licensing costs are very high and are the major argument of the government to disqualify organizations.
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| 8 | Can citizens freely use the Internet? | |||||||
| 8a: In practice, the government does not prevent citizens from accessing content published online. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Baba Wamé, "Internet au Cameroun: les usages et les usagers. Essai sur ladoption des technologies de linformation et de la communication dans un pays en voie de développement", Thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris II Panthéon Assas, 12 December 2005 - Jean Lucien Ewangue, "Le phénomène Internet dans la ville de Yaoundé", Séminaire NTIC, ESSTIC, Yaoundé, juillet 1998.
Peer Review Comments: People are fairly free to consult online content as they wish, and there is even a large number of online information organs in the country.
Peer Review Comments: The government does not have the necessary tools to prevent public Internet users from accessing online content, Even though it would have loved to.
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| 8b: In practice, the government does not censor citizens creating content online. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Baba Wamé, Internet au Cameroun : les usages et les usagers. Essai sur ladoption des technologies de linformation et de la communication dans un pays en voie de développement, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris II Panthéon Assas, 12 December 2005 - Jean Lucien Ewangue, Le phénomène Internet dans la ville de Yaoundé, Séminaire NTIC, ESSTIC, Yaoundé, juillet 1998 - Carine Koudjo Talla, "Introduction, Tic et développement local au Cameroun," 12 June 2007, in [ LINK ]
Peer Review Comments: Il faut cependant faire remarquer qu'en juin 2004, Jacques Fame Ndongo, alors ministre de la Communication, avait créé un "Système de veille et d'alerte cybernétique" au sein de son ministre, chargé de "de la surveillance permanente des sites web diffusés sur lensemble du réseau Internet ; de lédition et du stockage instantanés sur les supports appropriés, des informations pertinentes diffusées à partir des sites web susvisés ; etc." (Cf. Décision N° 037/MINCOM du 09 juin 2004 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement du Système de Veille et dAlerte Cybernétique du ministère de la Communication). Cette mesure avait été prise suite aux soupçons dirigés contre un journaliste camerounais exilé aux USA, accusé d'avoir diffusé sur son site internet une rumeur sur la mort du président Paul Biya.
Peer Review Comments: The government cannot do anything on servers hosted out of the country. In practice, this is usually the case for Web sites containing sensitive information.
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| 9 | Are the media able to report on corruption? | |||||||
| 9a: In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure. | ||||||||
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Comments: When we talk about things that may not affect the public life. This is a crime that is punishable by law References: In accordance with Article 305 (1) and (2) of the Penal Code concerning Defamation
Peer Review Comments: There is no legal provision that prevents the reporting of accurate news.
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| 9b: In practice, the government or media owners/distribution groups do not encourage self-censorship of corruption-related stories. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Aimé-Francis Amougou, "Lutte contre la corruption: une affaire de tous," in Cameroon Tribune, 18 January 2006 (www.cameroon-tribune.net). - Dr Asafor Chi Cornelius, "Le Rôle du comité adhoc de lutte contre la corruption," Rapport final de la première phase du PNG, 12 May 2000 (www.worlbank.org)
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| 9c: In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) on publishing corruption-related stories. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Baba Wamé," Internet au Cameroun: les usages et les usagers. Essai sur ladoption des technologies de linformation et de la communication dans un pays en voie de développement," Thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris II Panthéon Assas, 12 December 2005. - Jean Lucien Ewangue," Le phénomène Internet dans la ville de Yaoundé," Séminaire NTIC, ESSTIC, Yaoundé, July 1998. - Carine Koudjo Talla, "Introduction, Tic et développement local au Cameroun", 12 juin 2007, in [ LINK ] - Aimé-Francis Amougou, "Lutte contre la corruption : une affaire de tous'" in Cameroon Tribune, 18 January 2006 (www.cameroon-tribune.net). -Dr Asafor Chi Cornelius, "Le Rôle du comité adhoc de lutte contre la corruption," Rapport final de la première phase du PND, 12 May 2000 (www.worlbank.org).
Peer Review Comments: The government does that censorship on public media.
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| 10 | Are the media credible sources of information? | |||||||
| 10a: In law, print media companies are required to disclose their ownership. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: In accordance with Article 20 (1) of the Law N°90/052 of December 19, 1990 on the Freedom of Social Communications, each print media outlet must publish its advertising rates once per quarter. All companies are subject to declarative system in Cameroon, whether for the disclosure of advertising rates or for the disclosure of the owners of media companies. Such statements/disclosures are free.
Peer Review Comments: Certains journaux font souvent l'objet de pressions fiscales, notamment lorsqu'ils sont critiques vis-à-vis des pouvoirs publiques en général et des responsables du ministère des Finances en particulier. On les soumet à des redressements, exigeant qu'ils fassent des déclarations précises sur leurs recettes publicitaires et de ventes de journaux, ainsi que sur les autres charges de l'entreprise et du directeur de publication. Les journaux comme Aurore Plus ou L'Indépendant ont récemment subi ce type de harcèlement de la part de l'ancien ministre des Finances, Polycarpe Abah Abah.
Peer Review Comments: In Cameroon, it is a pre-requisite that the name of the publisher must be featured on each copy of the newspaper.
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| 10b: In law, broadcast (radio and TV) media companies are required to disclose their ownership. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: In accordance with Article 20 (1) of the Law N°90/052 of December 19, 1990 on the Freedom of Social Communications, each print media outlet must publish its advertising rates once per quarter. All companies are subject to declarative system in Cameroon, whether for the disclosure of advertising rates or for the disclosure of the owners of media companies. Such statements/disclosures are free.
Peer Review Comments: Les promoteurs doivent révéler leurs sources de financement.
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| 10c: In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Valentin Nga Ndongo, "Medias au Cameroun: mythes et délires dune société en crise," Paris, LHarmattan, 1993. - "La presse écrite dans le paysage médiatique du Cameroun; une analyse dynamique," Enquête du Centre de recherche et détude en Économie et Sondage, Yaoundé, Fondation Friedrich Ebert au Cameroun, 1995. - "Le régime camerounais de répression judiciaire des infractions de presse," Yaoundé, Fondation Friedrich Ebert, 1996. - Francis B. Nyamnjoh, "Mass media and democratization in Cameroon," Yaoundé, Fondation Friedrich Ebert, 1996.
Peer Review Comments: Certains journaux ont leur propre code de conduite, mais celui-ci est généralement violé. La pratique de la corruption, connue sous le nom de "gombo", existe dans les médias, même si des efforts sont faits par quelques uns pour éviter le ridicule.
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| 10d: In practice, during the most recent election, political parties or independent candidates received fair media coverage. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - François-Xavier Eya, "Municipales et législatives 2007: Le Mincom, les médias et la propagande," in La Nouvelle Expression, 17 July 2007 (www.lanouvelleexpression.net) - Baugas-Orain Djoyum, "Elections législatives et municipales du 22 juillet 2007 : Le coup de pouce du Mincom à la presse privée," 18 July 2007, [ LINK ]
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| 10e: In practice, political parties and candidates have equitable access to state-owned media outlets. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - François-Xavier Eya, "Municipales et législatives : Le Mincom, les médias et la propagande," in La Nouvelle Expression, 17 July 2007 (www.lanouvelleexpression.net). - Baugas-Orain Djoyum, "Elections législatives et municipales du 22 juillet 2007: Le coup de pouce du Mincom à la presse privée," 18 July 2007, in [ LINK ]
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| 11 | Are journalists safe when investigating corruption? | |||||||
| 11a: In practice, in the past year, no journalists investigating corruption have been imprisoned. | ||||||||
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Comments: References: - Alberto Nna, "Offensive Judiciaire: Trois autres plaintes de Ministres," in La Nouvelle Expression, 10/03/2006 (www.lanouvelleexpression.net). - Alexandre T. Djimeli, "Presse camerounaise: un projet de loi liberticide," in Syfia International, 04/05/2006 ([ LINK ])
Peer Review Comments: Some were given suspended sentences.
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| 11b: In practice, in the past year, no journalists investigating corruption have been physically harmed. | ||||||||
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Comments: The former Minister of Finance, Polycarpe Abah Abah has brought many judicial actions against several journalists who uncovered official corruption. Minister Abah was dismissed from government on September 7, 2007. The journalists covering official corruption, such as Peter William Mandio (Le Front) or Michel Michault Moussala (Aurore Plus) are even celebrated in public opinion. References: - Alberto Nna, "Offensive Judiciaire: Trois autres plaintes de Ministres," in La Nouvelle Expression, 10/03/2006 (www.lanouvelleexpression.net). - Alexandre T. Djimeli, "Presse camerounaise : un projet de loi liberticide", in Syfia International, 04/05/2006 ([ LINK ]). - Pierre Celestin Atangana, "Justice: des procès contre des publications," in Repères, 05/09/2007 ([ LINK ]) - Roland Tsapi, "Contre les gestionnaires indélicats: Abah Abah et Cie annoncés au Sed," in Le Messager, 10/09/2007(www.lemessager.net).
Peer Review Comments: While cases have been brought against many journalists investigating corruption in Cameroon, there have been no reported incidences where journalists have been physically attacked.
Peer Review Comments: In the past year, no journalist investigating corruption has been physically harmed. The comment above does not say that those journalists were physically harmed.
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| 11c: In practice, in the past year, no journalists investigating corruption have been killed. | ||||||||
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Comments: No journalist was killed in Cameroon in connection with corruption. However, the journalists who denounce corruption are informed upon by members of the government. References: - Alberto Nna, "Offensive Judiciaire: Trois autres plaintes de Ministres," in La Nouvelle Expression, 10/03/2006 (www.lanouvelleexpression.net). - Alexandre T. Djimeli, "Presse camerounaise: un projet de loi liberticide," in Syfia International, 04/05/2006 ([ LINK ]). - Valentin Nga Ndongo, "Medias au Cameroun: mythes et délires dune société en crise," Paris, LHarmattan, 1993. - "La presse écrite dans le paysage médiatique du Cameroun; une analyse dynamique," Enquête du Centre de recherche et détude en Économie et Sondage, Yaoundé, Fondation Friedrich Ebert au Cameroun, 1995. - Reporters Sans Frontières, Rapport 2006 sur le Cameroun, in www.rsf.org. - "Le régime camerounais de répression judiciaire des infractions de presse," Yaoundé, Fondation Friedrich Ebert, 1996. - Francis B. Nyamnjoh, "Mass media and democratization in Cameroon," Yaoundé, Fondation Friedrich Ebert, 1996. - Pierre Celestin Atangana, "Justice: des procès contre des publications," in Repères, 05/09/2007 ([ LINK ]).
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